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Galileo Galilei was an Italian scholar and scientist who made groundbreaking observations that laid the foundation for modern astronomy and physics. He excelled in many fields such as astronomy, mathematics, painting, philosophy, engineering, and even lute playing. Galileo made a pioneering observation with long lasting implications to the study of physics, and his discoveries were instrumental in discovering the present-day facts of nature.

However, Galileo's scientific advocacy caused trouble with the Church and was accused twice of heresy for his beliefs of a sun-centered solar system. His father was an accomplished music theorist, lutenist, and composer. Galileo took after his father and became an accomplished lutenist. Of Galileo's five siblings, three of them survived infancy.

The family relocated to Florence leaving an eight-year-old Galileo with Jacopo Borghini for two years. Galileo subsequently started formal education at the Camaldoese monastery in Vallombrosa Abbey. As a young man, Galileo considered the priesthood, but he began studying a medical degree at the University of Pisa upon his father's persuasion. While at the university, Galileo discovered his passion for mathematics and persuaded his father to make the switch to mathematics and natural philosophy.

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However, he left the University of Pisa in without his degree due to financial constraints. Galileo continued to learn mathematics, and he worked in minor teaching jobs to support himself. In , he got an instructor's position in the Accademia Delle Arti del Disegno in Florence after studying fine art. Galileo's father passed away in , leaving him to take care of his younger brother, Michelagnolo.

Galileo taught mechanics, geometry, and astronomy at the University of Padua from to